Mass balance of two perennial snowfields: Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and the Ulaan Taiga, Mongolia

Williams, K.E., McKay, C.P., Toon, O.B., and Jennings, K.S. 2022. Mass balance of two perennial snowfields: Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and the Ulaan Taiga, Mongolia. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 54: 41–61. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2022.2027591

Arapahoe Glacier, 27 Aug 1960. Image credit: Henry Waldrop, 1960. Arapaho Glacier: From the Glacier Photograph Collection. Boulder, Colorado: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital Media. Source: https://doi.org/http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Fdata%2Fglacier_photo%2Fsearch%2Fimage_info%2Farapaho_waldrop_084

Abstract

Perennial snowfields are generally receding worldwide, though the precise mechanisms causing recessions are not always well understood. Here we apply a numerical snowpack model to identify the leading factors controlling the mass balance of two perennial snowfields that have significant human interest: Arapaho Glacier, located at Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (United States), and a snowfield located in the Ulaan Taiga (Mongolia). The two locations were chosen because they differ in elevation, slope, and aspect. However, both have subarctic climates and are located within semi-arid regions. We show that for these two locations the snowfield mass balance is primarily sensitive to air temperature and wind speed, followed by precipitation and dust deposition amounts. The lack of sensitivity to dust deposition was most likely due to timing of deposition and the overall small dust amounts. We find that the sensitivities are similar for the center of the snowfield as well as the margins.