Climate-driven sulfate export in alpine watersheds may stimulate methylmercury production

Miller, H.R., C.T. Driscoll, S.E. Janssen, and E.S. Hinckley. 2025. Climate-driven sulfate export in alpine watersheds may stimulate methylmercury production. Environmental Research Letters. Available at https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/add8a5.

View of alpine wetlands that were sampled for mercury and sulfate at Niwot Ridge. Image credit: Hannah Miller

Abstract

Climate change is increasing sulfate export and changing wetland extent in mountain regions. These changes may increase microbially mediated production of the neurotoxic substance methylmercury due to enhanced sulfate metabolism in mountain environments. Here, we assess methylmercury concentrations and formation rates across high-elevation wetlands in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. We also investigate sulfate controls on methylmercury production within subalpine peatlands by amending soils with sulfate to mimic increased stream export of sulfate from the alpine zone and measuring methylmercury formation rates for different sulfate treatments. We found that subalpine peatlands have statistically significant higher methylmercury concentrations and formation rates compared to alpine, mineral-soil wetlands. Methylmercury production in subalpine peatlands also increased significantly (p < 0.05) following sulfate additions; the highest rates occurred in sediments with intermediate extractable sulfate concentrations ( 0.60–1.4 mg sulfate g-1 dry soil). Our study is the first to identify soil sulfate-related thresholds for methylmercury production and sulfate-limitation of methylmercury production in subalpine peatlands. These findings highlight important linkages between climate-driven mineral weathering and mercury cycling in mountain regions globally.